Table of Contents
Background and education
Awards and Recognition
A viewpoint which focuses on the rights of women.
Background and education
Freda Adle (born in 1934) is a criminologist from the United States. She has made significant contributions to feminist criminality theories. Her main focus was on how feministic social movements influenced criminality among women. Dr. Adler graduated with a B.A. Dr. Adler received her B.A. In 1968, she earned a M.A. She also received the honorary doctorate of humane letters from University of Scranton, in 2011. Adler, at 85 years of age, is both a Visiting Professor and Director of Master Program of Science Programs in Criminology. She has also been recognized as Professor Emeritus of Rutgers University’s School of Criminal Justice.
Awards and recognitionsDr. Freda has achieved many awards and accomplishments during her career, both as an educator as well as as a criminalologist. As was mentioned before, Dr. Adler possesses multiple degrees both in sociology as well as criminology. She is also recognized for her work as a Visiting professor and Director of Master Program of Science Programs in Criminology (University of Pennsylvania), and as Professor Emeritus of School of Criminal Justice Rutgers University. Adler holds a variety of other positions in addition to those she currently holds. She is the Permanent Rep to the United Nations of Centro Nazionale di Prevenzione e Difesa Sociale. She is a distinguished member of ISPAC, a member of Hogeschool van Amsterdam, a University of Amsterdam alumnae, a National Judicial College faculty member, and an independent fellow research at Yale University. Dr. Adler also served as Assistant professor of Psychiatry and Research director of Drug and Alcohol Abuse for the Medical College of Pennsylvania. She was also a Distinguished Professor for Rutgers University. Adler is a criminologist with a vast background and extensive research. She has worked as a consultant in many organizations such as the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse and United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch. Adler also has consulted with more than 20 foreign governments. She also served as co-organizer of Bilateral Think Tank with coordination from the USSR Academy of Sciences & the American Council of Learned Societies. Adler has also been recognized as a founding member of Rutgers University School of Criminal Justice. This school was one of America’s first schools of criminology. Dr. Adler’s published works in the area of criminology are numerous. Her published works include scientific articles, reports, testimonies, and monographs. Dr. Adler authored/co-authored 15 books, edited 9 books written by others, and wrote and edited over 100 scientific publications, monographs reports, and testimonys. Dr. Adler is co-editor for the Advances in Criminal Theory series. This publication aims to disseminate original criminology theories. Also, she is a member of Editorial Advisory boards of Criminal Justice Studies Women in Criminal Justice European Journal of Criminology The American Sociologist. Dr. Adler has written fifteen books, as mentioned above. The titles of these books include Sisters in Crime (1975), The Criminology of Deviant Women (1979), The Incident of Female Criminality in the Contemporary World (2001), Nations Not Ossessed with Crime (1983), Outlaws of the Ocean(1985), Criminology, Criminology, Criminology, Criminology, Criminology, Criminology, Criminology, Criminology, Criminal Justice, An Introduction, Criminal Justice, An Introduction, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2006, 2009, These books have been translated in many languages and are among the most prominent works published in the criminal justice field. Adler was invited to give lectures in more than fifteen countries due to the distinction of her published works. Feminist MethodologyThe Feminist Methodology of Criminology emerged in the 1960s-1970s to address the neglect that was shown to women who were involved in criminal activity, whether they were perpetrators or victimized. This approach has a strong connection to the Second Wave Feminist movements of the middle 20th century. It was during this period that it became increasingly evident that women were being overlooked in every aspect of criminal activity, while incarceration was increasing among women. The Feminist Approach tries to explain various gender inequities that exist within the criminal realm, including disparities between offenses and sentencing as well as victimization. The Feminist Approach to Criminology addresses several criminological theory. The Feminist Approach to criminology addresses a number of criminological theories. Feminists often criticize theories like the Strain Theory. This theory states that economic problems or other issues are responsible for the rise in crime. Feminist theorists have criticized this theory for focusing on barriers to economic success and neglecting the presence of women. These theorists arrive at this conclusion by relying on a reasoning based upon economic gender equity. As women have fewer opportunities to achieve their financial dreams, they still commit fewer crimes than men. Feminists are also examining the Social Learning Theory. This theory says that we learn to behave from people who are close to us, and that in order to keep our bonds with them, we will behave similarly. This theory has been criticized for being inapplicable to females because it doesn’t take gendered relationships into consideration. Feminists claim that the theory could be applied seamlessly to men, but they fail to mention how dangerous it can be in male-female relations where the man is much older than his female partner. It is dangerous for women to be in intimate relationships with men who have a criminal past. Both theories are redeemed. Feminist theorists claim that both theories, with a slight tweak, could be used in a Feminist Approach to Criminal Psychology. Strain Theory needs only to acknowledge that women’s economic disparity does not increase crime. The Social Learning theory must be able to recognize that men can cause more harm to women by committing crime than females. The Feminist Approach came up with their own theories about crime to compensate for not including women deviants. Feminist Pathways Theory is one of them. According to this theory, women’s experiences are closely linked with crime. Feminist Pathways Theory examines how patriarchal criminal justice standards and childhood abuse can cause a woman to become a criminal. The fact that girls are often referred to the criminal justice system for status crimes, like running away or drinking alcohol, is evidence of this theory. In contrast, men are not referred for the same type of behavior. In this situation, women are referred to the justice system for “correcting” whereas boys in similar situations are viewed as “being boys”. In order to prevent this type of behavior from occurring, the system does not intervene in family relations. Instead, it views girls as criminals. Socialist Feminist Criminology was the second major theory brought on by Feminist Criminology. Socialist Feminist Theory (or Criminology as others prefer) states patriarchal capitalists dictate the experience of women, leading many of them to crime. Men who are considered low-class are more likely than women to commit crimes on the streets. This theory is also concerned with the victimization women are subjected to in order to gain financial advantage. In third-world nations, lower-class females are sexually exploited for financial gain. They are treated as objects and not human beings. Feminists examine the gender disparity, or the disparity between offenses committed by men and women, in the criminal justice system. The crimes of male and female criminals are clearly differentiated (SAGE). The gap between male and female offenders is greater when violent crimes are observed, like assault and murder. But it’s much narrower for drug and property offenses. Status offenses, however, are more common among women than men. Women commit many crimes, but they all share the same background. It is rife with abuse in childhood, adulthood, and poverty. Female offenders are sentenced in a similar way to male status offenders, except that the sentences are favourable for the women. As a result of Victorian-era social norms, men felt obligated, in the spirit of chivalry, to treat females as their mothers, wives or sisters. This leads to lighter sentences, instead of fair punishments or corrections. In addition, crime committed by women is viewed more as a violation than a criminal act. The justice system treats women less harshly than it does men. They are not viewed as criminals but as people who have violated the “rules of womanhood” and are therefore given lenient sentences (SAGE). The Feminist Approach also examines the victimization women. The feminist theorists identified a correlation between victimization and likelihood of offending (SAGE). Most women in prison have a long history of abuse as children or have been victims of violent acts over a period of time (SAGE). This cycle of abuse and victimhood is so tight-knit that it’s difficult to break.
